# kldload linux
FreeBSD provides binary compatibility with Linux™ , allowing users to install and run most Linux™ binaries on a FreeBSD system without having to first modify the binary. It has even been reported that, in some situations, Linux™ binaries perform better on FreeBSD than they do on Linux™ .
However, some Linux™ -specific operating system features are not supported under FreeBSD. For example, Linux™ binaries will not work on FreeBSD if they overly use i386™ specific calls, such as enabling virtual 8086 mode.
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Support for 64-bit binary compatibility with Linux™ was added in FreeBSD 10.3. |
After reading this chapter, you will know:
How to enable Linux™ binary compatibility on a FreeBSD system.
How to install additional Linux™ shared libraries.
How to install Linux™ applications on a FreeBSD system.
The implementation details of Linux™ compatibility in FreeBSD.
Before reading this chapter, you should:
Know how to install additional third-party software.
By default, Linux™ libraries are not installed and Linux™ binary compatibility is not enabled. Linux™ libraries can either be installed manually or from the FreeBSD Ports Collection.
Before attempting to build the port, load the Linux™ kernel module, otherwise the build will fail:
# kldload linux
For 64-bit compatibility:
# kldload linux64
To verify that the module is loaded:
% kldstatId Refs Address Size Name
1 2 0xc0100000 16bdb8 kernel
7 1 0xc24db000 d000 linux.ko
The emulators/linux_base-c6 package or port is the easiest way to install a base set of Linux™ libraries and binaries on a FreeBSD system. To install the port:
# pkg install emulators/linux_base-c6
For Linux™
compatibility to be enabled at boot time, add this line to /etc/rc.conf
:
linux_enable="YES"On 64-bit machines, /etc/rc.d/abi
will automatically load the module for 64-bit emulation.
Since the Linux™ binary compatibility layer has gained support for running both 32- and 64-bit Linux™ binaries (on 64-bit x86 hosts), it is no longer possible to link the emulation functionality statically into a custom kernel.
If a Linux™ application complains about missing shared libraries after configuring Linux™ binary compatibility, determine which shared libraries the Linux™ binary needs and install them manually.
From a Linux™
system, ldd can be used to determine which shared libraries the application needs.
For example, to check which shared libraries linuxdoom needs, run this command from a Linux™
system that has Doom installed:
% ldd linuxdoomlibXt.so.3 (DLL Jump 3.1) => /usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3.1.0 libX11.so.3 (DLL Jump 3.1) => /usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3.1.0 libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) => /lib/libc.so.4.6.29
Then, copy all the files in the last column of the output from the Linux™
system into /compat/linux
on the FreeBSD system.
Once copied, create symbolic links to the names in the first column.
This example will result in the following files on the FreeBSD system:
/compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3.1.0 /compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3 -> libXt.so.3.1.0 /compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3.1.0 /compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3 -> libX11.so.3.1.0 /compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29 /compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.29
If a Linux™
shared library already exists with a matching major revision number to the first column of the ldd output, it does not need to be copied to the file named in the last column, as the existing library should work.
It is advisable to copy the shared library if it is a newer version, though.
The old one can be removed, as long as the symbolic link points to the new one.
For example, these libraries already exist on the FreeBSD system:
/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.27 /compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.27
and ldd indicates that a binary requires a later version:
libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) -> libc.so.4.6.29
Since the existing library is only one or two versions out of date in the last digit, the program should still work with the slightly older version.
However, it is safe to replace the existing libc.so
with the newer version:
/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29 /compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.29
Generally, one will need to look for the shared libraries that Linux™ binaries depend on only the first few times that a Linux™ program is installed on FreeBSD. After a while, there will be a sufficient set of Linux™ shared libraries on the system to be able to run newly installed Linux™ binaries without any extra work.
ELF binaries sometimes require an extra step.
When an unbranded ELF binary is executed, it will generate an error message:
% ./my-linux-elf-binaryELF binary type not known Abort
To help the FreeBSD kernel distinguish between a FreeBSD ELF binary and a Linux™
binary, use brandelf(1)
:
% brandelf -t Linux my-linux-elf-binary
Since the GNU toolchain places the appropriate branding information into ELF binaries automatically, this step is usually not necessary.
To install a Linux™RPM-based application, first install the archivers/rpm4
package or port.
Once installed, root
can use this command to install a .rpm
:
# cd /compat/linux # rpm2cpio < /path/to/linux.archive.rpm | cpio -id
If necessary, brandelf the installed ELF binaries.
Note that this will prevent a clean uninstall.
If DNS does not work or this error appears:
resolv+: "bind" is an invalid keyword resolv+: "hosts" is an invalid keyword
configure /compat/linux/etc/host.conf
as follows:
order hosts, bind
multi onThis specifies that /etc/hosts
is searched first and DNS is searched second.
When /compat/linux/etc/host.conf
does not exist, Linux™
applications use /etc/host.conf
and complain about the incompatible FreeBSD syntax.
Remove bind if a name server is not configured using /etc/resolv.conf
.
This section describes how Linux™
binary compatibility works and is based on an email written to link:FreeBSD chat mailing list by Terry Lambert
<[email protected]>
(Message ID: <[email protected]>).
FreeBSD has an abstraction called an “execution class loader” . This is a wedge into the execve(2) system call.
Historically, the UNIX® loader examined the magic number (generally the first 4 or 8 bytes of the file) to see if it was a binary known to the system, and if so, invoked the binary loader.
If it was not the binary type for the system, the execve(2) call returned a failure, and the shell attempted to start executing it as shell commands. The assumption was a default of “whatever the current shell is” .
Later, a hack was made for sh(1)
to examine the first two characters, and if they were :\n, it invoked the csh(1)
shell instead.
FreeBSD has a list of loaders, instead of a single loader, with a fallback to the \#! loader for running shell interpreters or shell scripts.
For the Linux™ABI support, FreeBSD sees the magic number as an ELF binary.
The ELF loader looks for a specialized brand, which is a comment section in the ELF image, and which is not present on SVR4/Solaris™
ELF binaries.
For Linux™
binaries to function, they must be branded as type Linux using brandelf(1)
:
# brandelf -t Linux file
When the ELF loader sees the Linux brand, the loader replaces a pointer in the proc structure.
All system calls are indexed through this pointer.
In addition, the process is flagged for special handling of the trap vector for the signal trampoline code, and several other (minor) fix-ups that are handled by the Linux™
kernel module.
The Linux™
system call vector contains, among other things, a list of sysent[] entries whose addresses reside in the kernel module.
When a system call is called by the Linux™
binary, the trap code dereferences the system call function pointer off the proc structure, and gets the Linux™
, not the FreeBSD, system call entry points.
Linux™
mode dynamically reroots lookups.
This is, in effect, equivalent to the union option to file system mounts.
First, an attempt is made to lookup the file in /compat/linux/original-path
.
If that fails, the lookup is done in /original-path
.
This makes sure that binaries that require other binaries can run.
For example, the Linux™
toolchain can all run under Linux™ABI support.
It also means that the Linux™
binaries can load and execute FreeBSD binaries, if there are no corresponding Linux™
binaries present, and that a uname(1)
command can be placed in the /compat/linux
directory tree to ensure that the Linux™
binaries cannot tell they are not running on Linux™
.
In effect, there is a Linux™ kernel in the FreeBSD kernel. The various underlying functions that implement all of the services provided by the kernel are identical to both the FreeBSD system call table entries, and the Linux™ system call table entries: file system operations, virtual memory operations, signal delivery, and System V IPC. The only difference is that FreeBSD binaries get the FreeBSD glue functions, and Linux™ binaries get the Linux™glue functions. The FreeBSD glue functions are statically linked into the kernel, and the Linux™glue functions can be statically linked, or they can be accessed via a kernel module.
Technically, this is not really emulation, it is an ABI implementation.
It is sometimes called “Linux™
emulation”
because the implementation was done at a time when there was no other word to describe what was going on.
Saying that FreeBSD ran Linux™
binaries was not true, since the code was not compiled in.