Updating and Upgrading FreeBSD

1. Synopsis

FreeBSD is under constant development between releases. Some people prefer to use the officially released versions, while others prefer to keep in sync with the latest developments. However, even official releases are often updated with security and other critical fixes. Regardless of the version used, FreeBSD provides all the necessary tools to keep the system updated, and allows for easy upgrades between versions. This chapter describes how to track the development system and the basic tools for keeping a FreeBSD system up-to-date.

After reading this chapter, you will know:

  • How to keep a FreeBSD system up-to-date with freebsd-update or Subversion.

  • How to compare the state of an installed system against a known pristine copy.

  • How to keep the installed documentation up-to-date with Subversion or documentation ports.

  • The difference between the two development branches: FreeBSD-STABLE and FreeBSD-CURRENT.

  • How to rebuild and reinstall the entire base system.

Before reading this chapter, you should:

Throughout this chapter, svnlite is used to obtain and update FreeBSD sources. Optionally, the devel/subversion port or package may be used.

2. FreeBSD Update

FreeBSD Update

Tom Rhodes; Colin Percival

Applying security patches in a timely manner and upgrading to a newer release of an operating system are important aspects of ongoing system administration. FreeBSD includes a utility called freebsd-update which can be used to perform both these tasks.

This utility supports binary security and errata updates to FreeBSD, without the need to manually compile and install the patch or a new kernel. Binary updates are available for all architectures and releases currently supported by the security team. The list of supported releases and their estimated end-of-life dates are listed at https://www.FreeBSD.org/security/.

This utility also supports operating system upgrades to minor point releases as well as upgrades to another release branch. Before upgrading to a new release, review its release announcement as it contains important information pertinent to the release. Release announcements are available from https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/.

If a crontab utilizing the features of freebsd-update(8) exists, it must be disabled before upgrading the operating system.

This section describes the configuration file used by freebsd-update, demonstrates how to apply a security patch and how to upgrade to a minor or major operating system release, and discusses some of the considerations when upgrading the operating system.

.1. The Configuration File

The default configuration file for freebsd-update works as-is. Some users may wish to tweak the default configuration in /etc/freebsd-update.conf , allowing better control of the process. The comments in this file explain the available options, but the following may require a bit more explanation:

# Components of the base system which should be kept updated.
Components world kernel

This parameter controls which parts of FreeBSD will be kept up-to-date. The default is to update the entire base system and the kernel. Individual components can instead be specified, such as src/base or src/sys. However, the best option is to leave this at the default as changing it to include specific items requires every needed item to be listed. Over time, this could have disastrous consequences as source code and binaries may become out of sync.

# Paths which start with anything matching an entry in an IgnorePaths
# statement will be ignored.
IgnorePaths /boot/kernel/linker.hints

To leave specified directories, such as /bin or /sbin , untouched during the update process, add their paths to this statement. This option may be used to prevent freebsd-update from overwriting local modifications.

# Paths which start with anything matching an entry in an UpdateIfUnmodified
# statement will only be updated if the contents of the file have not been
# modified by the user (unless changes are merged; see below).
UpdateIfUnmodified /etc/ /var/ /root/ /.cshrc /.profile

This option will only update unmodified configuration files in the specified directories. Any changes made by the user will prevent the automatic updating of these files. There is another option, KeepModifiedMetadata, which will instruct freebsd-update to save the changes during the merge.

# When upgrading to a new FreeBSD release, files which match MergeChanges
# will have any local changes merged into the version from the new release.
MergeChanges /etc/ /var/named/etc/ /boot/device.hints

List of directories with configuration files that freebsd-update should attempt to merge. The file merge process is a series of diff(1) patches similar to mergemaster(8) , but with fewer options. Merges are either accepted, open an editor, or cause freebsd-update to abort. When in doubt, backup /etc and just accept the merges. See mergemaster(8) for more information about mergemaster.

# Directory in which to store downloaded updates and temporary
# files used by FreeBSD Update.
# WorkDir /var/db/freebsd-update

This directory is where all patches and temporary files are placed. In cases where the user is doing a version upgrade, this location should have at least a gigabyte of disk space available.

# When upgrading between releases, should the list of Components be
# read strictly (StrictComponents yes) or merely as a list of components
# which *might* be installed of which FreeBSD Update should figure out
# which actually are installed and upgrade those (StrictComponents no)?
# StrictComponents no

When this option is set to yes, freebsd-update will assume that the Components list is complete and will not attempt to make changes outside of the list. Effectively, freebsd-update will attempt to update every file which belongs to the Components list.

.2. Applying Security Patches

The process of applying FreeBSD security patches has been simplified, allowing an administrator to keep a system fully patched using freebsd-update. More information about FreeBSD security advisories can be found in [_security_advisories].

FreeBSD security patches may be downloaded and installed using the following commands. The first command will determine if any outstanding patches are available, and if so, will list the files that will be modifed if the patches are applied. The second command will apply the patches.

# freebsd-update fetch
# freebsd-update install

If the update applies any kernel patches, the system will need a reboot in order to boot into the patched kernel. If the patch was applied to any running binaries, the affected applications should be restarted so that the patched version of the binary is used.

The system can be configured to automatically check for updates once every day by adding this entry to /etc/crontab :

@daily                                  root    freebsd-update cron

If patches exist, they will automatically be downloaded but will not be applied. The root user will be sent an email so that the patches may be reviewed and manually installed with freebsd-update install.

If anything goes wrong, freebsd-update has the ability to roll back the last set of changes with the following command:

# freebsd-update rollbackUninstalling updates... done.

Again, the system should be restarted if the kernel or any kernel modules were modified and any affected binaries should be restarted.

Only the GENERIC kernel can be automatically updated by freebsd-update. If a custom kernel is installed, it will have to be rebuilt and reinstalled after freebsd-update finishes installing the updates. The default kernel name is GENERIC. The uname(1) command may be used to verify its installation.

Always keep a copy of the GENERIC kernel in /boot/GENERIC . It will be helpful in diagnosing a variety of problems and in performing version upgrades. Refer to Custom Kernels with FreeBSD 9.X and Later for instructions on how to get a copy of the GENERIC kernel.

Unless the default configuration in /etc/freebsd-update.conf has been changed, freebsd-update will install the updated kernel sources along with the rest of the updates. Rebuilding and reinstalling a new custom kernel can then be performed in the usual way.

The updates distributed by freebsd-update do not always involve the kernel. It is not necessary to rebuild a custom kernel if the kernel sources have not been modified by freebsd-update install. However, freebsd-update will always update /usr/src/sys/conf/newvers.sh . The current patch level, as indicated by the -p number reported by uname -r, is obtained from this file. Rebuilding a custom kernel, even if nothing else changed, allows uname to accurately report the current patch level of the system. This is particularly helpful when maintaining multiple systems, as it allows for a quick assessment of the updates installed in each one.

.3. Performing Major and Minor Version Upgrades

Upgrades from one minor version of FreeBSD to another, like from FreeBSD 9.0 to FreeBSD 9.1, are called minor version upgrades. Major version upgrades occur when FreeBSD is upgraded from one major version to another, like from FreeBSD 9.X to FreeBSD 10.X. Both types of upgrades can be performed by providing freebsd-update with a release version target.

If the system is running a custom kernel, make sure that a copy of the GENERIC kernel exists in /boot/GENERIC before starting the upgrade. Refer to Custom Kernels with FreeBSD 9.X and Later for instructions on how to get a copy of the GENERIC kernel.

The following command, when run on a FreeBSD 9.0 system, will upgrade it to FreeBSD 9.1:

# freebsd-update -r 9.1-RELEASE upgrade

After the command has been received, freebsd-update will evaluate the configuration file and current system in an attempt to gather the information necessary to perform the upgrade. A screen listing will display which components have and have not been detected. For example:

Looking up update.FreeBSD.org mirrors... 1 mirrors found.
Fetching metadata signature for 9.0-RELEASE from update1.FreeBSD.org... done.
Fetching metadata index... done.
Inspecting system... done.

The following components of FreeBSD seem to be installed:
kernel/smp src/base src/bin src/contrib src/crypto src/etc src/games
src/gnu src/include src/krb5 src/lib src/libexec src/release src/rescue
src/sbin src/secure src/share src/sys src/tools src/ubin src/usbin
world/base world/info world/lib32 world/manpages

The following components of FreeBSD do not seem to be installed:
kernel/generic world/catpages world/dict world/doc world/games
world/proflibs

Does this look reasonable (y/n)?y

At this point, freebsd-update will attempt to download all files required for the upgrade. In some cases, the user may be prompted with questions regarding what to install or how to proceed.

When using a custom kernel, the above step will produce a warning similar to the following:

WARNING: This system is running a "`MYKERNEL`" kernel, which is not a
kernel configuration distributed as part of FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE.
This kernel will not be updated: you MUST update the kernel manually
before running "/usr/sbin/freebsd-update install"

This warning may be safely ignored at this point. The updated GENERIC kernel will be used as an intermediate step in the upgrade process.

Once all the patches have been downloaded to the local system, they will be applied. This process may take a while, depending on the speed and workload of the machine. Configuration files will then be merged. The merging process requires some user intervention as a file may be merged or an editor may appear on screen for a manual merge. The results of every successful merge will be shown to the user as the process continues. A failed or ignored merge will cause the process to abort. Users may wish to make a backup of /etc and manually merge important files, such as master.passwd or group at a later time.

The system is not being altered yet as all patching and merging is happening in another directory. Once all patches have been applied successfully, all configuration files have been merged and it seems the process will go smoothly, the changes can be committed to disk by the user using the following command:

# freebsd-update install

The kernel and kernel modules will be patched first. If the system is running with a custom kernel, use nextboot(8) to set the kernel for the next boot to the updated /boot/GENERIC :

# nextboot -k GENERIC

Before rebooting with the GENERIC kernel, make sure it contains all the drivers required for the system to boot properly and connect to the network, if the machine being updated is accessed remotely. In particular, if the running custom kernel contains built-in functionality usually provided by kernel modules, make sure to temporarily load these modules into the GENERIC kernel using the /boot/loader.conf facility. It is recommended to disable non-essential services as well as any disk and network mounts until the upgrade process is complete.

The machine should now be restarted with the updated kernel:

# shutdown -r now

Once the system has come back online, restart freebsd-update using the following command. Since the state of the process has been saved, freebsd-update will not start from the beginning, but will instead move on to the next phase and remove all old shared libraries and object files.

# freebsd-update install

Depending upon whether any library version numbers were bumped, there may only be two install phases instead of three.

The upgrade is now complete. If this was a major version upgrade, reinstall all ports and packages as described in Upgrading Packages After a Major Version Upgrade.

.3.1. Custom Kernels with FreeBSD 9.X and Later

Before using freebsd-update, ensure that a copy of the GENERIC kernel exists in /boot/GENERIC . If a custom kernel has only been built once, the kernel in /boot/kernel.old is the GENERIC kernel. Simply rename this directory to /boot/kernel .

If a custom kernel has been built more than once or if it is unknown how many times the custom kernel has been built, obtain a copy of the GENERIC kernel that matches the current version of the operating system. If physical access to the system is available, a copy of the GENERIC kernel can be installed from the installation media:

# mount /cdrom
# cd /cdrom/usr/freebsd-dist
# tar -C/ -xvf kernel.txz boot/kernel/kernel

Alternately, the GENERIC kernel may be rebuilt and installed from source:

# cd /usr/src
# make kernel __MAKE_CONF=/dev/null SRCCONF=/dev/null

For this kernel to be identified as the GENERIC kernel by freebsd-update, the GENERIC configuration file must not have been modified in any way. It is also suggested that the kernel is built without any other special options.

Rebooting into the GENERIC kernel is not required as freebsd-update only needs /boot/GENERIC to exist.

.3.2. Upgrading Packages After a Major Version Upgrade

Generally, installed applications will continue to work without problems after minor version upgrades. Major versions use different Application Binary Interfaces (ABIs), which will break most third-party applications. After a major version upgrade, all installed packages and ports need to be upgraded. Packages can be upgraded using pkg upgrade. To upgrade installed ports, use a utility such as ports-mgmt/portmaster .

A forced upgrade of all installed packages will replace the packages with fresh versions from the repository even if the version number has not increased. This is required because of the ABI version change when upgrading between major versions of FreeBSD. The forced upgrade can be accomplished by performing:

# pkg-static upgrade -f

A rebuild of all installed applications can be accomplished with this command:

# portmaster -af

This command will display the configuration screens for each application that has configurable options and wait for the user to interact with those screens. To prevent this behavior, and use only the default options, include -G in the above command.

Once the software upgrades are complete, finish the upgrade process with a final call to freebsd-update in order to tie up all the loose ends in the upgrade process:

# freebsd-update install

If the GENERIC kernel was temporarily used, this is the time to build and install a new custom kernel using the instructions in [_kernelconfig].

Reboot the machine into the new FreeBSD version. The upgrade process is now complete.

.4. System State Comparison

The state of the installed FreeBSD version against a known good copy can be tested using freebsd-update IDS. This command evaluates the current version of system utilities, libraries, and configuration files and can be used as a built-in Intrusion Detection System (IDS).

This command is not a replacement for a real IDS such as security/snort . As freebsd-update stores data on disk, the possibility of tampering is evident. While this possibility may be reduced using kern.securelevel and by storing the freebsd-update data on a read-only file system when not in use, a better solution would be to compare the system against a secure disk, such as a DVD or securely stored external USB disk device. An alternative method for providing IDS functionality using a built-in utility is described in [_security_ids]

To begin the comparison, specify the output file to save the results to:

# freebsd-update IDS >> outfile.ids

The system will now be inspected and a lengthy listing of files, along with the SHA256 hash values for both the known value in the release and the current installation, will be sent to the specified output file.

The entries in the listing are extremely long, but the output format may be easily parsed. For instance, to obtain a list of all files which differ from those in the release, issue the following command:

# cat outfile.ids | awk '{ print $1 }' | more/etc/master.passwd
/etc/motd
/etc/passwd
/etc/pf.conf

This sample output has been truncated as many more files exist. Some files have natural modifications. For example, /etc/passwd will be modified if users have been added to the system. Kernel modules may differ as freebsd-update may have updated them. To exclude specific files or directories, add them to the IDSIgnorePaths option in /etc/freebsd-update.conf .

3. Updating the Documentation Set

Documentation is an integral part of the FreeBSD operating system. While an up-to-date version of the FreeBSD documentation is always available on the FreeBSD web site (https://www.freebsd.org/doc/), it can be handy to have an up-to-date, local copy of the FreeBSD website, handbooks, FAQ, and articles.

This section describes how to use either source or the FreeBSD Ports Collection to keep a local copy of the FreeBSD documentation up-to-date.

For information on editing and submitting corrections to the documentation, refer to the FreeBSD Documentation Project Primer for New Contributors (https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/fdp-primer/).

3.1. Updating Documentation from Source

Rebuilding the FreeBSD documentation from source requires a collection of tools which are not part of the FreeBSD base system. The required tools can be installed from the textproc/docproj package or port developed by the FreeBSD Documentation Project.

Once installed, use svnlite to fetch a clean copy of the documentation source:

# svnlite checkout https://svn.FreeBSD.org/doc/head /usr/doc

The initial download of the documentation sources may take a while. Let it run until it completes.

Future updates of the documentation sources may be fetched by running:

# svnlite update /usr/doc

Once an up-to-date snapshot of the documentation sources has been fetched to /usr/doc , everything is ready for an update of the installed documentation.

A full update of all available languages may be performed by typing:

# cd /usr/doc
# make install clean

If an update of only a specific language is desired, make can be invoked in a language-specific subdirectory of /usr/doc :

# cd /usr/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1
# make install clean

An alternative way of updating the documentation is to run this command from /usr/doc or the desired language-specific subdirectory:

# make update

The output formats that will be installed may be specified by setting FORMATS:

# cd /usr/doc
# make FORMATS='html html-split' install clean

Several options are available to ease the process of updating only parts of the documentation, or the build of specific translations. These options can be set either as system-wide options in /etc/make.conf , or as command-line options passed to make.

The options include:

DOC_LANG

The list of languages and encodings to build and install, such as en_US.ISO8859-1 for English documentation.

FORMATS

A single format or a list of output formats to be built. Currently, html, html-split, txt, ps, and pdf are supported.

DOCDIR

Where to install the documentation. It defaults to /usr/share/doc .

For more make variables supported as system-wide options in FreeBSD, refer to make.conf(5) .

3.2. Updating Documentation from Ports

Updating Documentation from Ports

Marc Fonvieille

The previous section presented a method for updating the FreeBSD documentation from sources. This section describes an alternative method which uses the Ports Collection and makes it possible to:

  • Install pre-built packages of the documentation, without having to locally build anything or install the documentation toolchain.

  • Build the documentation sources through the ports framework, making the checkout and build steps a bit easier.

This method of updating the FreeBSD documentation is supported by a set of documentation ports and packages which are updated by the {a.doceng} on a monthly basis. These are listed in the FreeBSD Ports Collection, under the docs category (http://www.freshports.org/docs/).

Organization of the documentation ports is as follows:

  • The misc/freebsd-doc-en package or port installs all of the English documentation.

  • The misc/freebsd-doc-all meta-package or port installs all documentation in all available languages.

  • There is a package and port for each translation, such as misc/freebsd-doc-hu for the Hungarian documentation.

When binary packages are used, the FreeBSD documentation will be installed in all available formats for the given language. For example, the following command will install the latest package of the Hungarian documentation:

# pkg install hu-freebsd-doc

Packages use a format that differs from the corresponding port’s name: [replaceable]lang-freebsd-doc, where lang is the short format of the language code, such as hu for Hungarian, or zh_cn for Simplified Chinese.

To specify the format of the documentation, build the port instead of installing the package. For example, to build and install the English documentation:

# cd /usr/ports/misc/freebsd-doc-en
# make install clean

The port provides a configuration menu where the format to build and install can be specified. By default, split HTML, similar to the format used on http://www.FreeBSD.org, and PDF are selected.

Alternately, several make options can be specified when building a documentation port, including:

WITH_HTML

Builds the HTML format with a single HTML file per document. The formatted documentation is saved to a file called article.html , or book.html .

WITH_PDF

The formatted documentation is saved to a file called article.pdf or book.pdf .

DOCBASE

Specifies where to install the documentation. It defaults to /usr/local/share/doc/freebsd .

This example uses variables to install the Hungarian documentation as a PDF in the specified directory:

# cd /usr/ports/misc/freebsd-doc-hu
# make -DWITH_PDF DOCBASE=share/doc/freebsd/hu install clean

Documentation packages or ports can be updated using the instructions in [_ports]. For example, the following command updates the installed Hungarian documentation using ports-mgmt/portmaster by using packages only:

# portmaster -PP hu-freebsd-doc

4. Tracking a Development Branch

FreeBSD has two development branches: FreeBSD-CURRENT and FreeBSD-STABLE.

This section provides an explanation of each branch and its intended audience, as well as how to keep a system up-to-date with each respective branch.

4.1. Using FreeBSD-CURRENT

FreeBSD-CURRENT is the “bleeding edge” of FreeBSD development and FreeBSD-CURRENT users are expected to have a high degree of technical skill. Less technical users who wish to track a development branch should track FreeBSD-STABLE instead.

FreeBSD-CURRENT is the very latest source code for FreeBSD and includes works in progress, experimental changes, and transitional mechanisms that might or might not be present in the next official release. While many FreeBSD developers compile the FreeBSD-CURRENT source code daily, there are short periods of time when the source may not be buildable. These problems are resolved as quickly as possible, but whether or not FreeBSD-CURRENT brings disaster or new functionality can be a matter of when the source code was synced.

FreeBSD-CURRENT is made available for three primary interest groups:

  1. Members of the FreeBSD community who are actively working on some part of the source tree.

  2. Members of the FreeBSD community who are active testers. They are willing to spend time solving problems, making topical suggestions on changes and the general direction of FreeBSD, and submitting patches.

  3. Users who wish to keep an eye on things, use the current source for reference purposes, or make the occasional comment or code contribution.

FreeBSD-CURRENT should not be considered a fast-track to getting new features before the next release as pre-release features are not yet fully tested and most likely contain bugs. It is not a quick way of getting bug fixes as any given commit is just as likely to introduce new bugs as to fix existing ones. FreeBSD-CURRENT is not in any way “officially supported” .

To track FreeBSD-CURRENT:

  1. Join the link:freebsd-current and the link:svn-src-head lists. This is essential in order to see the comments that people are making about the current state of the system and to receive important bulletins about the current state of FreeBSD-CURRENT.

    The link:svn-src-head list records the commit log entry for each change as it is made, along with any pertinent information on possible side effects.

    To join these lists, go to http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo, click on the list to subscribe to, and follow the instructions. In order to track changes to the whole source tree, not just the changes to FreeBSD-CURRENT, subscribe to the link:svn-src-all list.

  2. Synchronize with the FreeBSD-CURRENT sources. Typically, svnlite is used to check out the -CURRENT code from the head branch of one of the Subversion mirror sites listed in [_svn_mirrors].

  3. Due to the size of the repository, some users choose to only synchronize the sections of source that interest them or which they are contributing patches to. However, users that plan to compile the operating system from source must download all of FreeBSD-CURRENT, not just selected portions.

    Before compiling FreeBSD-CURRENT , read /usr/src/Makefile very carefully and follow the instructions in Updating FreeBSD from Source. Read the link:FreeBSD-CURRENT mailing list and /usr/src/UPDATING to stay up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary on the road to the next release.

  4. Be active! FreeBSD-CURRENT users are encouraged to submit their suggestions for enhancements or bug fixes. Suggestions with accompanying code are always welcome.

4.2. Using FreeBSD-STABLE

FreeBSD-STABLE is the development branch from which major releases are made. Changes go into this branch at a slower pace and with the general assumption that they have first been tested in FreeBSD-CURRENT. This is still a development branch and, at any given time, the sources for FreeBSD-STABLE may or may not be suitable for general use. It is simply another engineering development track, not a resource for end-users. Users who do not have the resources to perform testing should instead run the most recent release of FreeBSD.

Those interested in tracking or contributing to the FreeBSD development process, especially as it relates to the next release of FreeBSD, should consider following FreeBSD-STABLE.

While the FreeBSD-STABLE branch should compile and run at all times, this cannot be guaranteed. Since more people run FreeBSD-STABLE than FreeBSD-CURRENT, it is inevitable that bugs and corner cases will sometimes be found in FreeBSD-STABLE that were not apparent in FreeBSD-CURRENT. For this reason, one should not blindly track FreeBSD-STABLE. It is particularly important not to update any production servers to FreeBSD-STABLE without thoroughly testing the code in a development or testing environment.

To track FreeBSD-STABLE:

  1. Join the link:freebsd-stable list in order to stay informed of build dependencies that may appear in FreeBSD-STABLE or any other issues requiring special attention. Developers will also make announcements in this mailing list when they are contemplating some controversial fix or update, giving the users a chance to respond if they have any issues to raise concerning the proposed change.

    Join the relevant svn list for the branch being tracked. For example, users tracking the 9-STABLE branch should join the link:svn-src-stable-9 list. This list records the commit log entry for each change as it is made, along with any pertinent information on possible side effects.

    To join these lists, go to http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo, click on the list to subscribe to, and follow the instructions. In order to track changes for the whole source tree, subscribe to link:svn-src-all.

  2. To install a new FreeBSD-STABLE system, install the most recent FreeBSD-STABLE release from the FreeBSD mirror sites or use a monthly snapshot built from FreeBSD-STABLE. Refer to www.freebsd.org/snapshots for more information about snapshots.

    To compile or upgrade to an existing FreeBSD system to FreeBSD-STABLE, use svn to check out the source for the desired branch. Branch names, such as stable/9, are listed at www.freebsd.org/releng.

  3. Before compiling or upgrading to FreeBSD-STABLE

    , read /usr/src/Makefile carefully and follow the instructions in Updating FreeBSD from Source. Read the link:FreeBSD-STABLE mailing list and /usr/src/UPDATING to keep up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary on the road to the next release.

5. Updating FreeBSD from Source

Updating FreeBSD by compiling from source offers several advantages over binary updates. Code can be built with options to take advantage of specific hardware. Parts of the base system can be built with non-default settings, or left out entirely where they are not needed or desired. The build process takes longer to update a system than just installing binary updates, but allows complete customization to produce a tailored version of FreeBSD.

5.1. Quick Start

This is a quick reference for the typical steps used to update FreeBSD by building from source. Later sections describe the process in more detail.

  1. # svnlite update /usr/src (1) (2)
# cd /usr/src (3)
# make -j4 buildworld (4)
# make -j4 kernel (5)
# shutdown -r now (6)
# cd /usr/src (7)
# make installworld (8)
# mergemaster -Ui (9)
# shutdown -r now (10)

    <1>Get the latest version of the source. See Updating the Source for more information on obtaining and updating source. <2>Check /usr/src/UPDATING

    		for any manual steps required before or after building
		from source.
<3>Go to the source directory.
<4>Compile the world, everything except the
		kernel.
<5>Compile and install the kernel.  This is
		equivalent to [command]``
make buildkernel
		  installkernel``
.
<6>Reboot the system to the new kernel.
<7>Go to the source directory.
<8>Install the world.
<9>Update and merge configuration files in
		[path]``/etc/``
.
<10>Restart the system to use the newly-built world
		and kernel.

5.2. Preparing for a Source Update

Read /usr/src/UPDATING . Any manual steps that must be performed before or after an update are described in this file.

5.3. Updating the Source

FreeBSD source code is located in /usr/src/ . The preferred method of updating this source is through the Subversion version control system. Verify that the source code is under version control:

# svnlite info /usr/srcPath: /usr/src
Working Copy Root Path: /usr/src
...

This indicates that /usr/src/ is under version control and can be updated with svnlite(1) :

# svnlite update /usr/src

The update process can take some time if the directory has not been updated recently. After it finishes, the source code is up to date and the build process described in the next section can begin.

Obtaining the Source

If the output says '/usr/src' is not a working copy, the files there are missing or were installed with a different method. A new checkout of the source is required.

Table 1. FreeBSD Versions and Repository Paths
uname -r Output Repository Path Description

[replaceable]X.Y-RELEASE

base/releng/X.Y

The Release version plus only critical security and bug fix patches. This branch is recommended for most users.

[replaceable]X.Y-STABLE

base/stable/X

The Release version plus all additional development on that branch. STABLE refers to the Applications Binary Interface (ABI) not changing, so software compiled for earlier versions still runs. For example, software compiled to run on FreeBSD 10.1 will still run on FreeBSD 10-STABLE compiled later.

STABLE branches occasionally have bugs or incompatibilities which might affect users, although these are typically fixed quickly.

[replaceable]X-CURRENT

base/head/

The latest unreleased development version of FreeBSD. The CURRENT branch can have major bugs or incompatibilities and is recommended only for advanced users.

Determine which version of FreeBSD is being used with uname(1) :

# uname -r10.3-RELEASE

Based on FreeBSD Versions and Repository Paths, the source used to update 10.3-RELEASE has a repository path of base/releng/10.3. That path is used when checking out the source:

# mv /usr/src /usr/src.bak (11)
# svnlite checkout https://svn.freebsd.org/base/releng/10.3 /usr/src (12)

<11>Move the old directory out of the way. If there are no local modifications in this directory, it can be deleted. <12>The path from FreeBSD Versions and Repository Paths is added to the repository URL . The third parameter is the destination directory for the source code on the local system.

5.4. Building from Source

The world, or all of the operating system except the kernel, is compiled. This is done first to provide up-to-date tools to build the kernel. Then the kernel itself is built:

# cd /usr/src
# make buildworld
# make buildkernel

The compiled code is written to /usr/obj .

These are the basic steps. Additional options to control the build are described below.

5.4.1. Performing a Clean Build

Some versions of the FreeBSD build system leave previously-compiled code in the temporary object directory, /usr/obj . This can speed up later builds by avoiding recompiling code that has not changed. To force a clean rebuild of everything, use cleanworld before starting a build:

# make cleanworld

5.4.2. Setting the Number of Jobs

Increasing the number of build jobs on multi-core processors can improve build speed. Determine the number of cores with sysctl hw.ncpu. Processors vary, as do the build systems used with different versions of FreeBSD, so testing is the only sure method to tell how a different number of jobs affects the build speed. For a starting point, consider values between half and double the number of cores. The number of jobs is specified with -j.

Example 1. Increasing the Number of Build Jobs

Building the world and kernel with four jobs:

# make -j4 buildworld buildkernel

5.4.3. Building Only the Kernel

A buildworld must be completed if the source code has changed. After that, a buildkernel to build a kernel can be run at any time. To build just the kernel:

# cd /usr/src
# make buildkernel

5.4.4. Building a Custom Kernel

The standard FreeBSD kernel is based on a kernel config file called GENERIC . The GENERIC kernel includes the most commonly-needed device drivers and options. Sometimes it is useful or necessary to build a custom kernel, adding or removing device drivers or options to fit a specific need.

For example, someone developing a small embedded computer with severely limited RAM could remove unneeded device drivers or options to make the kernel slightly smaller.

Kernel config files are located in /usr/src/sys/arch/conf/ , where arch is the output from uname -m. On most computers, that is amd64, giving a config file directory of /usr/src/sys/amd64/conf/ .

/usr/src can be deleted or recreated, so it is preferable to keep custom kernel config files in a separate directory, like /root . Link the kernel config file into the conf directory. If that directory is deleted or overwritten, the kernel config can be re-linked into the new one.

A custom config file can be created by copying the GENERIC config file. In this example, the new custom kernel is for a storage server, so is named STORAGESERVER :

# cp /usr/src/sys/amd64/conf/GENERIC /root/STORAGESERVER
# cd /usr/src/sys/amd64/conf
# ln -s /root/STORAGESERVER .

/root/STORAGESERVER is then edited, adding or removing devices or options as shown in config(5) .

The custom kernel is built by setting KERNCONF to the kernel config file on the command line:

# make buildkernel KERNCONF=STORAGESERVER

5.5. Installing the Compiled Code

After the buildworld and buildkernel steps have been completed, the new kernel and world are installed:

# cd /usr/src
# make installkernel
# shutdown -r now
# cd /usr/src
# make installworld
# shutdown -r now

If a custom kernel was built, KERNCONF must also be set to use the new custom kernel:

# cd /usr/src
# make installkernel KERNCONF=STORAGESERVER
# shutdown -r now
# cd /usr/src
# make installworld
# shutdown -r now

5.6. Completing the Update

A few final tasks complete the update. Any modified configuration files are merged with the new versions, outdated libraries are located and removed, then the system is restarted.

5.6.1. Merging Configuration Files with mergemaster8

mergemaster(8)
provides an easy way to merge changes that have been made to system configuration files with new versions of those files.

With -Ui, mergemaster(8) automatically updates files that have not been user-modified and installs new files that are not already present:

# mergemaster -Ui

If a file must be manually merged, an interactive display allows the user to choose which portions of the files are kept. See mergemaster(8) for more information.

5.6.2. Checking for Outdated Files and Libraries

Some obsolete files or directories can remain after an update. These files can be located:

# make check-old

and deleted:

# make delete-old

Some obsolete libraries can also remain. These can be detected with:

# make check-old-libs

and deleted with

# make delete-old-libs

Programs which were still using those old libraries will stop working when the library has been deleted. These programs must be rebuilt or replaced after deleting the old libraries.

When all the old files or directories are known to be safe to delete, pressing y and Enter to delete each file can be avoided by setting BATCH_DELETE_OLD_FILES in the command. For example:

# make BATCH_DELETE_OLD_FILES=yes delete-old-libs

5.6.3. Restarting After the Update

The last step after updating is to restart the computer so all the changes take effect:

# shutdown -r now

6. Tracking for Multiple Machines

Tracking for Multiple Machines

Mike Meyer

When multiple machines need to track the same source tree, it is a waste of disk space, network bandwidth, and CPU cycles to have each system download the sources and rebuild everything. The solution is to have one machine do most of the work, while the rest of the machines mount that work via NFS. This section outlines a method of doing so. For more information about using NFS, refer to [_network_nfs].

First, identify a set of machines which will run the same set of binaries, known as a build set . Each machine can have a custom kernel, but will run the same userland binaries. From that set, choose a machine to be the build machine that the world and kernel are built on. Ideally, this is a fast machine that has sufficient spare CPU to run make buildworld and make buildkernel.

Select a machine to be the test machine , which will test software updates before they are put into production. This must be a machine that can afford to be down for an extended period of time. It can be the build machine, but need not be.

All the machines in this build set need to mount /usr/obj and /usr/src from the build machine via NFS. For multiple build sets, /usr/src should be on one build machine, and NFS mounted on the rest.

Ensure that /etc/make.conf and /etc/src.conf on all the machines in the build set agree with the build machine. That means that the build machine must build all the parts of the base system that any machine in the build set is going to install. Also, each build machine should have its kernel name set with KERNCONF in /etc/make.conf , and the build machine should list them all in its KERNCONF, listing its own kernel first. The build machine must have the kernel configuration files for each machine in its /usr/src/sys/arch/conf .

On the build machine, build the kernel and world as described in Updating FreeBSD from Source, but do not install anything on the build machine. Instead, install the built kernel on the test machine. On the test machine, mount /usr/src and /usr/obj via NFS. Then, run shutdown now to go to single-user mode in order to install the new kernel and world and run mergemaster as usual. When done, reboot to return to normal multi-user operations.

After verifying that everything on the test machine is working properly, use the same procedure to install the new software on each of the other machines in the build set.

The same methodology can be used for the ports tree. The first step is to share /usr/ports via NFS to all the machines in the build set. To configure /etc/make.conf to share distfiles, set DISTDIR to a common shared directory that is writable by whichever user root is mapped to by the NFS mount. Each machine should set WRKDIRPREFIX to a local build directory, if ports are to be built locally. Alternately, if the build system is to build and distribute packages to the machines in the build set, set PACKAGES on the build system to a directory similar to DISTDIR.